[Differences between men and women in the prevalence of frailty and associated factors among older adults: evidence from ELSI-Brazil]. / Diferenças entre homens e mulheres na prevalência da fragilidade e fatores associados entre adultos mais velhos: evidências do ELSI-Brasil.

Based on a national representative sample of the population aged 50 years or older, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of frailty among men and women, identify associated sociodemographic and health factors, and estimate the population attributable fraction. Data from the second wave (2019-2021) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) were used. Frailty was classified based on the number of positive items among unintentional weight loss, exhaustion, low level of physical activity, slow gait, and weakness. The main analyses were based on multinomial logistic regression stratified by sex. The prevalence of frailty was lower in men (8.6%; 95%CI: 6.9; 10.7) than in women (11.9%; 95%CI: 9.6; 14.8), with the most frequent item being the low level of physical activity in both. Age and schooling level were the sociodemographic factors associated with pre-frailty and fragility among men and women. The population attributable fraction was different for frailty between genders. In men, the highest population attributable fraction was due to not having a partner (23.5%; 95%CI: 7.7; 39.2) and low schooling level (18.2%; 95%CI: 6.6; 29,7). In women, higher population attributable fraction values were due to memory deficit (17.1%; 95%CI: 7.6; 26.6), vision deficit (13.4%; 95%CI: 5.1; 21.7), and diabetes mellitus (11.4%; 95%CI: 4.6; 18,1). Similar population attributable fraction levels were observed for heart disease (8.9%; 95%CI: 3.8; 14.1 in women and 8.8%; 95%CI: 2.0; 15.6 in men). Strategies aimed at physical activity have the potential to prevent frailty in both men and women, and the prevention of chronic conditions is more important in women.

Este trabalho, baseado em amostra nacional representativa da população com 50 anos ou mais, objetivou estimar a prevalência da fragilidade entre homens e mulheres, identificar fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde associados e estimar a fração atribuível populacional. Foram utilizados dados da segunda onda (2019-2021) do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil). A fragilidade foi classificada pelo número de itens positivos entre perda de peso não intencional, exaustão, baixo nível de atividade física, lentidão da marcha e fraqueza. As análises principais foram baseadas na regressão logística multinomial estratificada por sexo. A prevalência da fragilidade foi menor nos homens (8,6%; IC95%: 6,9; 10,7) do que nas mulheres (11,9%; IC95%: 9,6; 14,8), sendo o item mais frequente o baixo nível de atividade física em ambos. A idade e a escolaridade foram os fatores sociodemográficos associados à pré-fragilidade e à fragilidade entre homens e mulheres. Houve diferença da fração atribuível populacional para fragilidade entre os sexos. Nos homens, a maior fração atribuível populacional foi para não ter companheiro (23,5%; IC95%: 7,7; 39,2) e escolaridade baixa (18,2%; IC95%: 6,6; 29,7). Nas mulheres, maiores frações atribuíveis populacionais foram para déficit de memória (17,1%; IC95%: 7,6; 26,6), déficit da visão (13,4%; IC95%: 5,1; 21,7) e diabetes mellitus (11,4%; IC95%: 4,6; 18,1). Observou-se fração atribuível populacional semelhante para doença cardíaca (8,9%; IC95%: 3,8; 14,1, em mulheres; e 8,8%; IC95%: 2,0; 15,6, em homens). Estratégias voltadas para a prática de atividade física têm o potencial de prevenir a fragilidade em ambos os sexos, enquanto a prevenção de condições crônicas é mais importante nas mulheres.

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo estimar, utilizando una muestra nacional representativa de la población de 50 años o más, la prevalencia de la fragilidad entre hombres y mujeres, identificar los factores sociodemográficos y de salud asociados, y calcular la fracción atribuible a la población. Se utilizaron datos de la 2ª ola (2019-2021) del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud de los Ancianos Brasileños (ELSI-Brasil). La fragilidad se clasificó por el número de elementos positivos entre pérdida de peso no intencional, agotamiento, bajo nivel de actividad física, marcha lenta y debilidad. Los principales análisis se basaron en la regresión logística multinomial estratificada por sexo. La prevalencia de fragilidad fue menor en los hombres (8,6%; IC95%: 6,9; 10,7) que en las mujeres (11,9%; IC95%: 9,6; 14,8), y como ítem más frecuente el bajo nivel de actividad física en ambos. La edad y el nivel educativo fueron los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la pre-fragilidad y la fragilidad entre hombres y mujeres. Hubo una diferencia en fracción atribuible a la población para la fragilidad entre los sexos. Entre los hombres, la fracción atribuible a la población más elevada fue no tener pareja (23,5%; IC95%: 7,7; 39,2) y bajo nivel educativo (18,2%; IC95%: 6,6; 29,7). Entre las mujeres, las fracción atribuible a la población más elevadas fueron déficit de memoria (17,1%; IC95%: 7,6; 26,6), déficit de visión (13,4%; IC95%: 5,1; 21,7) y diabetes mellitus (11,4%; IC95%: 4,6; 18,1). Se observaron fracción atribuible a la población similares para enfermedades cardíacas (8,9%; IC95%: 3,8; 14,1 en mujeres, y 8,8%; IC95%: 2,0; 15,6 en hombres). Las estrategias dirigidas a la actividad física tienen el potencial de prevenir la fragilidad en ambos sexos, mientras que la prevención de enfermedades crónicas es más necesaria en las mujeres.

Association of depression and sleep quality with frailty: a cross-sectional study in China.

Background: With the rapid growth of global aging, frailty has become a serious public health burden, affecting the life quality of older adults. Depressive symptoms (depression hereafter) and sleep quality are associated with frailty, but the pathways in which sleep quality and depression affect frailty remain unclear. Method: This cross-sectional study included 1866 community-dwelling older adults. Demographic characteristics and health-related data of them was collected, and we also assessed frailty, depression, and sleep quality. Descriptive statistics were carried out and ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors correlated with frailty. Spearman correlation analysis and mediation analysis were employed to assess associations between sleep quality, depression and frailty. Two-sided p < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The results showed that 4.1% older adults were frail and 31.0% were pre-frail. Ordinal logistic regression showed that age, consumptions of vegetables, exercise, sleep quality, depression, number of chronic diseases, chronic pain, and self-rated health were correlated with frailty. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that frailty was associated with depression and sleep quality. There was a mediation effect that sleep quality was a significant and positive predictor of frailty (total effect = 0.0545, 95% boot CI = 0.0449-0.0641), and depression was a mediator between sleep quality and frailty (mediation effect = 60.4%). Conclusion: Depression and poor sleep quality may be early indicators of frailty in older adults. Improving the sleep quality and psychological state of older adults can improve frailty, which is beneficial for healthy aging.

Assessing the relationship between multimorbidity, NCD configurations, frailty phenotypes, and mortality risk in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Older adults are increasingly susceptible to prolonged illness, multiple chronic diseases, and disabilities, which can lead to the coexistence of multimorbidity and frailty. Multimorbidity may result in various noncommunicable disease (NCD) patterns or configurations that could be associated with frailty and death. Mortality risk may vary depending on the presence of specific chronic diseases configurations or frailty. METHODS: The aim was to examine the impact of NCD configurations on mortality risk among older adults with distinct frailty phenotypes. The population was analyzed from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study Cohort (CRELES). A total of 2,662 adults aged 60 or older were included and followed for 5 years. Exploratory factor analysis and various clustering techniques were utilized to identify NCD configurations. The frequency of NCD accumulation was also assessed for a multimorbidity definition. Frailty phenotypes were set according to Fried et al. criteria. Kaplan‒Meier survival analyses, mortality rates, and Cox proportional hazards models were estimated. RESULTS: Four different types of patterns were identified: 'Neuro-psychiatric', 'Metabolic', 'Cardiovascular', and 'Mixt' configurations. These configurations showed a higher mortality risk than the mere accumulation of NCDs [Cardiovascular HR:1.65 (1.07-2.57); 'Mixt' HR:1.49 (1.00-2.22); ≥3 NCDs HR:1.31 (1.09-1.58)]. Frailty exhibited a high and constant mortality risk, irrespective of the presence of any NCD configuration or multimorbidity definition. However, HRs decreased and lost statistical significance when phenotypes were considered in the Cox models [frailty + 'Cardiovascular' HR:1.56 (1.00-2.42); frailty + 'Mixt':1.42 (0.95-2.11); and frailty + ≥ 3 NCDs HR:1.23 (1.02-1.49)]. CONCLUSIONS: Frailty accompanying multimorbidity emerges as a more crucial indicator of mortality risk than multimorbidity alone. Therefore, studying NCD configurations is worthwhile as they may offer improved risk profiles for mortality as alternatives to straightforward counts.

Does frailty impact failure-to-rescue in geriatric trauma patients?

BACKGROUND: Failure-to-rescue (FTR), defined as death following a major complication, is a metric of trauma quality. The impact of patient frailty on FTR has not been fully investigated, especially in geriatric trauma patients. This study hypothesized that frailty increased the risk of FTR in geriatric patients with severe injury. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TQIP database between 2015 and 2019, including geriatric patients with trauma (age ≥65 years) and an Injury Severity Score (ISS) > 15, who survived ≥48 hours postadmission. Frailty was assessed using the modified 5-item frailty index (mFI). Patients were categorized into frail (mFI ≥ 2) and nonfrail (mFI < 2) groups. Logistic regression analysis and a generalized additive model (GAM) were used to examine the association between FTR and patient frailty after controlling for age, sex, type of injury, trauma center level, ISS, and vital signs on admission. RESULTS: Among 52,312 geriatric trauma patients, 34.6% were frail (mean mFI: frail: 2.3 vs. nonfrail: 0.9, p < 0.001). Frail patients were older (age, 77 vs. 74 years, p < 0.001), had a lower ISS (19 vs. 21, p < 0.001), and had a higher incidence of FTR compared with nonfrail patients (8.7% vs. 8.0%, p = 0.006). Logistic regression analysis revealed that frailty was an independent predictor of FTR (odds ratio, 1.32; confidence interval, 1.23-1.44; p < 0.001). The GAM plots showed a linear increase in FTR incidence with increasing mFI after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that frailty independently contributes to an increased risk of FTR in geriatric trauma patients. The impact of patient frailty should be considered when using FTR to measure the quality of trauma care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.

Geriatric assessment may prevent readmission in frail medical inpatients.

INTRODUCTION: Frailty is common in older adults. Many approaches exist to care of hospitalised older medical inpatients. The objectives of this study were to 1) describe frailty occurrence and 2) explore associations between frailty, type of care, 30-day readmission and 90-day mortality. METHODS: In a cohort of 75+-year-old medical inpatients with daily homecare or moderate comorbidity, frailty was graded as moderate or severe using the record-based Multidimensional Prognostic Index. The emergency department (ED), internal medicine (IM) and geriatric medicine (GM) were compared. Estimates of relative risk (RR) and hazard ratios were calculated in binary regression and Cox regression models. RESULTS: Analyses included 522 patients (61%) with moderate frailty and 333 (39%) with severe frailty. A total of 54% were females, and the median age was 84 years (interquartile range: 79-89). In GM, the distribution of frailty grade differed significantly from that of the ED (p less-than 0.001) and IM (p less-than 0.001). GM had the highest occurrence of severely frail patients and the lowest readmission rate. Compared with GM, the adjusted RR for readmission in ED was 1.58 (1.04-2.41), p = 0.032; and in IM: 1.42 (0.97-2.07), p = 0.069. Between the three specialities, no differences were seen in 90-day mortality hazard. CONCLUSION: In a regional hospital, frail older patients were discharged from all medical specialities. Admission to geriatric medicine was associated with a lower readmission risk and no increase in mortality. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment may explain the observed differences in readmission risk. FUNDING: None. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not relevant.

[Immobilization syndrome and iatrogenic dependence of hospitalized elderly people]. / Syndrome d'immobilisation et dépendance iatrogène des personnes âgées hospitalisées.

In the hospital, the geriatric missions of nurses and paramedical and medical teams are essential in order to benefit elderly patients and to fight against the immobilization syndrome through responsiveness and quality care. This care takes place in parallel with the specific medical care of the medical pathologies treated. In 2017, the High Authority for Health advocated good professional practices to avoid iatrogenic dependence of hospitalized elderly people. Through this article, we carry out a focus on the immobilization syndrome and its deleterious consequences: we must not do in the place of the elderly subject!

Frailty in Chile: Development of a Frailty Index Score Using the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017.

BACKGROUND: The Frailty Index (FI) is used to quantify and summarize vulnerability status in people. In Chile, no development and assessment of a FI have been explored. OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a FI using representative data from Chilean adults aged 40 years and older stratified by sex. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: National representative data from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017 (CNHS 2016-2017). PARTICIPANTS: 3,036 participants older than 40 years with complete data for all variables. MEASUREMENTS: A 49-item FI was developed and evaluated. This FI included deficits from comorbidities, functional limitations, mental health status, physical activity, anthropometry, medications, and falls. A score between 0 and 1 was calculated for each person. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were employed to evaluate the FI's performance in the population. Comparative analyses were carried out to evaluate the FI score by age (1<60 and ≥ 60 years). RESULTS: The mean FI score was 0.15 (SD:0.09), with a 99% upper limit of 0.46. Scores were greater in women than men (0.17 [SD:0.09]) vs. 0.12 [0.08]); in people older than 80 years (0.22 [0.11]), and in people with ≤8 years of education (0.18 [0.10]) compared with those with >12 years (0.12 [0.08]). The average age-related increase in the FI was 2.3%. When a cut-off point ≥ 0.25 was applied, the prevalence of frail individuals was 11.8% (95% CI: 10.0 to 13.8) in the general population. The prevalence was higher in women 15.9% [95% CI: 13.3 to 18.9] than men 7.4% [95% CI: 5.3 to 10.1]. In a comparative analysis by age, higher FI mean scores and prevalence of frail were observed in people ≥ 60 than younger than 60. CONCLUSIONS: The mean FI score and frailty prevalence were higher in women than men, in people with fewer years of formal education, and incremented markedly with age. This FI can be used for early detection of frailty status focusing on women and middle-aged people as a strategy to delay or prevent frailty-related consequences.

Domains of Frailty Predict Loss of Independence in Older Adults After Noncardiac Surgery.

IMPORTANCE: Preoperative frailty has been consistently associated with death, severe complications, and loss of independence (LOI) after surgery. LOI is an important patient-centered outcome, but it is unclear which domains of frailty are most strongly associated with LOI. Such information would be important to target individual geriatric domains for optimization. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether impairment in individual domains of the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) can predict LOI in older adults after noncardiac surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective Cohort Study. SETTING: One Academic Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 65 or older who were living independently and evaluated with the EFS during a preoperative visit to the Center for Preoperative Optimization at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between June 2018 and January 2020. MAIN OUTCOME: LOI defined as discharge to increased level of care outside of the home with new mobility deficit or functional dependence. New mobility deficit and functional dependence were extracted from chart review of the standardized occupational therapy and physical therapy assessment performed before discharge. RESULTS: A total of 3497 patients were analyzed. Age (mean±SD) was 73.4±6.2 years, and 1579 (45.2%) were female. The median total EFS score was 3 (range 0-16), and 725/3497 (27%) were considered frail (EFS≥6). The frequencies of impairment in each EFS domain were functional performance (33.5% moderately impaired, 11% severely impaired), history of hospital readmission (42%), poor self-described health status (37%), and abnormal cognition (17.1% moderately impaired, 13.8% severely impaired). Overall, 235/3497 (6.7%) patients experienced LOI. Total EFS score was associated with LOI (odds ratio: 1.37, 95% CI, 1.30-1.45, P <0.001) in a model adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists rating, congestive heart failure, valvular heart disease, hypertension diagnosis, chronic lung disease, diabetes, renal failure, liver disease, weight loss, anemia, and depression. Using a nested log likelihood approach, the domains of functional performance, functional dependence, social support, health status, and urinary incontinence improved the base multivariable model. In cross-validation, total EFS improved the prediction of LOI with the final model achieving an area under the curve of 0.840. Functional performance was the single domain that most improved outcome prediction, but together with functional dependence, social support, and urinary incontinence, the model resulted in an area under the curve of 0.838. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Among domains measured by the EFS before a wide range of noncardiac surgeries in older adults, functional performance, functional dependence, social support, and urinary incontinence were independently associated with and improved the prediction of LOI. Clinical initiatives to mitigate LOI may consider screening with the EFS and targeting abnormalities within these domains.

La polifarmacia como detección del paciente de alto riesgo mayor de 65 años en urgencias / The polypharmacy as screening of high-risk elderly patient in emergency services

Objetivos: La polifarmacia es un concepto ampliamente utilizado en la práctica clínica. Sin embargo, no existe unanimidad en el punto de corte. De lo que sí hay evidencia es que a mayor número de medicamentos los pacientes pueden presentar mayor número de eventos adversos y menor adherencia terapéutica. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la polifarmacia —entendida como 10 medicamentos o más— en los pacientes mayores de 65 años atendidos en urgencias y la mortalidad, la hospitalización y la readmisión en urgencias. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de 591 pacientes, en el que se realiza estadística univariante, bivariante y multivariante estableciendo una p < 0,05. Resultados: Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la polifarmacia y la mortalidad y la hospitalización tanto a 3, 6 como a 9 meses. También se encontró asociación con la readmisión en urgencias a los 6 y los 9 meses. De estas asociaciones, los datos fueron de forma especial clínicamente relevantes en la asociación entre la polifarmacia y la mortalidad, tanto a corto como a medio plazo. Los pacientes con polifarmacia tuvieron 1,66 (1,12-2,44) veces más riesgo que los pacientes sin polifarmacia. Conclusiones: La polifarmacia, entendida como 10 o más fármacos, es un óptimo punto de corte para detectar a pacientes mayores de 65 años de alto riesgo en urgencias. La selección de estos pacientes puede ayudar al clínico a tomar decisiones, a optimizar el tratamiento y a la inclusión en programas específicos para estos pacientes de alto riesgo (AU)

Objectives: Polypharmacy is a widely used concept in clinical practice. However, there are a lot of cut point in literature. There are a lot of evidence about the fact of a greater number of medications, patients may present a greater number of adverse events and less therapeutic adherence. The objective of this study is to analyze association between polypharmacy —as 10 medications or more— in elderly patients (> 65 years) attended in the emergency department (ED), with mortality, hospitalization and readmission in ED. Methodology: Retrospective descriptive study of 591 patients in which univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistics were performed, establishing a p < 0.05. Results: There are significant association between polypharmacy and mortality and hospitalization at 3, 6 and 9 months. There are association with readmission to ED at 6 and 9 months too. These data are clinically relevant in the association between polypharmacy and mortality, both short and medium term. Patients with polypharmacy obtained 1.66 (1.12, 2.44) times more risk than patients without polypharmacy. Conclusions: Polypharmacy, as 10 or more drugs, is an optimal cut-off point to detect high-risk patients over 65 years old in ED. The selection of these patients could help to make decisions in the clinical practice, optimize treatment and promote the inclusion of this patients in highrisk specific programs (AU)

Quedas e fatores associados entre idosos atendidos em uma clínica escola: um estudo de coorte / Falls and associated factors among elderly people assisted in a school clinic: a cohort study / Caídas y factores asociados en ancianos atendidos en una clínica escolar: un estudio de cohortes

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência, a incidência e os fatores associados a quedas entre idosos atendidos em uma clínica escola. Método: O estudo foi dividido em dois componentes, sendo o seguimento transversal de agosto de 2016 a novembro de 2018 (n=129), e o de coorte de agosto de 2018 a novembro de 2018 (n=66). Realizaram-se análises estatísticas, a partir da Regressão Múltipla de Poisson, entre o desfecho e as ca- racterísticas sociodemográficas e de saúde. Resultados: A prevalência e a incidência de quedas foram de 44,2% e 36,4%, respectivamente. Na análise de regressão múltipla de Poisson do estudo transversal, as variáveis sintomas dispépticos, baixos valores no teste Time Up and Go e ter hipertensão foram associadas com a variável queda. No estudo de coorte, a análise reforçou associação entre não ser ex-etilista e ter constipação. Conclu- são: Considera-se elevada a prevalência e incidência de quedas entre os idosos avaliados, e ressalta-se a necessidade de identificação de grupos mais susceptíveis a esse desfecho. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Acidentes por Quedas; Sarcopenia; Fragilidade; Incidência; Fatores de Risco.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence, incidence and factors associated with falls among elderly people attended at a teaching clinic. Method: The study was divided into two components, the cross-sectional follow-up from August 2016 to November 2018 (n=129), and the cohort from August 2018 to November 2018 (n=66). Statistical analyzes were carried out, based on Multiple Poisson Regression, between the outcome and sociodemographic and health characteristics. Results: The prevalence and incidence of falls were 44.2% and 36.4%, respectively. In Poisson's multiple regression analysis of the cross-sectional study, the variables dyspeptic symptoms, low values in the Time Up and Go test and having hypertension were associated with the variable fall. In the cohort study, the analysis reinforced the association between not being an ex-alcoholic and having constipation. Conclusion: The prevalence and incidence of falls among the elderly evaluated is considered high, and the need to identify groups more susceptible to this outcome is emphasized.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia, incidencia y factores asociados a las caídas entre ancianos atendidos en una clínica docente. Método: El estudio se dividió en dos componentes, el seguimiento transversal de agosto de 2016 a noviembre de 2018 (n=129), y la cohorte de agosto de 2018 a noviembre de 2018 (n=66). Se realizaron análisis estadísticos, basados en Regresión Múltiple de Poisson, entre el desenlace y las características sociodemográficas y de salud. Resultados: La prevalencia e incidencia de caídas fue de 44,2% y 36,4%, respectivamente. En el análisis de regresión múltiple de Poisson del estudio transversal, las variables síntomas dispépticos, valores bajos en el test Time Up and Go y padecer hipertensión se asociaron a la variable caída. En el estudio de cohortes, el análisis reforzó la asociación entre no ser ex-alcohólico y tener estreñimiento. Conclusiones: La prevalencia e incidencia de caídas entre los ancianos evaluados se considera elevada, destacándose la necesidad de identificar grupos más susceptibles a este desenlace.

Change in the pattern of frailty among socially vulnerable older adults over a 36-month period and associated factors: a follow-up study / Mudança do padrão de fragilidade entre idosos socialmente vulneráveis no período de 36 meses e fatores associados: um estudo de seguimento

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in the frailty levels of older adults in a context of high social vulnerability. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study. Data were collected from 2 surveys conducted in 2015 and 2018. The frailty phenotype and sociodemographic and health characterization instruments were used. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, including non-parametric tests, test for equality of proportions, and multivariate multinomial logistic regression. The use of the database was authorized, and the research was approved by the Ethics Committee. RESULTS: In 2015, 346 community-dwelling older adults participated in the study. After 36 months, a final sample of 223 participants was obtained. In 2015, the prevalence of non-frail, pre-frail, and frail older adults was 13.0%, 56.5%, and 30.5%, respectively. In 2018, 22.9% were non-frail, 56.0% were pre-frail, and 21.1% were frail. Higher education and better quality of life reduced the likelihood of becoming pre-frail and frail, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was a change in the pattern of frailty among socially vulnerable older adults over a 36-month period.

OBJETIVO: Verificar alterações nos níveis de fragilidade de pessoas idosas em contexto de alta vulnerabilidade social. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo. Foram coletados dados de dois inquéritos realizados em 2015 e 2018. Utilizou-se o Fenótipo de Fragilidade e instrumentos de caracterização sociodemográfica e de saúde. Análises estatísticas descritivas foram realizadas, incluindo testes não-paramétricos, teste de igualdade de proporções e regressão logística multinomial multivariada. O uso do banco de dados foi autorizado, e a pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética. RESULTADOS: Em 2015, 346 idosos comunitários participaram do estudo. Após o período de 36 meses, obteve-se uma amostra final de 223 participantes. Em 2015, a prevalência de não frágeis, pré-frágeis e frágeis foi de 13,0, 56,5 e 30,5%, respectivamente. Em 2018, 22,9% eram não frágeis, 56,0% pré-frágeis e 21,1% frágeis. Maior escolaridade e qualidade de vida diminuíram a probabilidade de se tornar pré-frágil e frágil, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se uma mudança do padrão de fragilidade entre idosos socialmente vulneráveis no período de 36 meses.

Functional disability and associated factors in older adults seen at a primary health care unit / Incapacidade funcional e fatores associados em idosos atendidos na atenção primária

OBJECTIVES: To assess functional disability and associated factors in older patients cared for at a large Brazilian urban area. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study performed at a primary health care unit in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Participants were selected via probabilistic sampling of 400 older individuals. We used a sociodemographic and health questionnaire along with instruments for assessing fear of falling (FES-I), cognitive function (MMSE), and depression symptoms (GDS-15). For dependent variables, we used instruments for assessing basic activities (BADL; Katz) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL; Lawton). Factors associated with functional disability were analyzed via logistic regression models. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 75.23 (SD = 8.53); 63.20% were female, 27.00% were dependent in BADL and 39.25%, in IADL. Older individuals with better cognitive function and who had not been hospitalized in the previous year were less prone to functional disabilities. Factors such as older age, more depression symptoms, and greater fear of falling were more linked to disabilities in BADL. Factors such as older age, female sex, and greater fear of falling were more linked to disabilities in IADL. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of disability in BADL and IADL in the studied sample was high. Modifiable and non-modifiable factors were associated with functional disability. These results may help primary health care professionals understand the risk factors for functional disability in the older population

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a incapacidade funcional e fatores associados em pacientes idosos atendidos em um grande centro urbano brasileiro. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal realizado em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. A seleção dos participantes foi por meio de amostragem probabilística de 400 indivíduos idosos. Foi utilizado um questionário sociodemográfico, de saúde e instrumentos para avaliar medo de queda (FES-I), status cognitivo (MEEM) e sintomas depressivos (GDS-15). Para as variáveis dependentes, utilizou-se os instrumentos para avaliar as atividades básicas (ABVD; Katz) e atividades instrumentais de vida diária (Lawton; AIVD). Os fatores associados à incapacidade funcional foram analisados por meio de modelos de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 75,23 (DP = 8,53), 63,20% eram do sexo feminino, 27,00% eram dependentes para ABVD e 39,25% para as AIVD. Indivíduos idosos com melhor status cognitivo e que não estiveram internados no último ano eram menos propensos às incapacidades funcionais. Fatores como ter mais idade, mais sintomas depressivos e mais medo de queda eram mais propensos às incapacidades das ABVD. Fatores como ter mais idade, ser do sexo feminino e mais medo de queda foram mais propensos às incapacidades das AIVD. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de incapacidade para ABVD e AIVD na amostra estudada foi alta. Fatores modificáveis e não modificáveis foram associados à incapacidade funcional. Esses resultados podem ajudar os profissionais da atenção primária à saúde a entenderem os fatores de risco de incapacidade funcional na população mais velha

Padrão de desempenho nas atividades de vida diária de idosos Quilombolas / Performance standard in daily life activities of elderly Quilombolas / Patrón de desempeño em lãs actividades de la vida diaria de Quilombolas ancianos

Objetivo: Analisar o padrão de desempenho nas atividades de vida diária em idosos quilombolas maranhenses. Métodos: Estudo transversal, de base domiciliar. Realizado com 208 idosos ≥60 anos de idade, residentes em 11 comunidades remanescentes de Quilombolas no Município de Bequimão, Maranhão. Investigou-se a capacidade funcional para as Atividades Básicas da Vida Diária e Atividades Instrumentais da Vida Diária. Calcularam-se as prevalências e realizaram-se testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exact de Fisher para diferenças entre sexo e faixa etária. Resultados: A prevalência total de incapacidade funcional foi de 57,7%, sendo 14,4% nas atividades básicas e 56,3% para as atividades instrumentais. A incapacidade para as atividades da vida diária foi maior nas mulheres e aumentou com a idade. As atividades instrumentais variaram de 18,3% (tomar medicamentos) a 43,3% (ir ao médico). Já para as atividades básicas, comer sozinho foi a menor (3,9%) e vestir-se a maior (9,6%). Diferiu estatisticamente a prevalência do acúmulo de incapacidades por sexo e idade, sendo maior número de incapacidades entre os idosos mais velhos. Conclusão: Observou-se elevada prevalência de incapacidade funcional e dependência nas atividades da vida diária. As atividades instrumentais foram as mais comprometidas e as mulheres e os idosos mais velhos foram os mais dependentes. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the pattern of performance in activities of daily living in elderly quilombolas from Maranhão. Methods: Cross-sectional, household-based study. Carried out with 208 elderly people ≥60 years of age, residing in 11 remaining communities of Quilombolas in the Municipality of Bequimão, Maranhão. Functional capacity for Basic Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living was investigated. Prevalences were calculated and Pearson's Chisquare or Fisher's Exact tests were performed for differences between sex and age group. Results: The total prevalence of functional disability was 57.7%, with 14.4% in basic activities and 56.3% in instrumental activities. Inability to perform activities of daily living was greater in women and increased with age. The instrumental activities ranged from 18.3% (taking medication) to 43.3% (going to the doctor). As for basic activities, eating alone was the lowest (3.9%) and dressing the highest (9.6%). The prevalence of the accumulation of disabilities by sex and age was statistically different, with a greater number of disabilities among the older elderly. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of functional disability and dependence on activities of daily living. Instrumental activities were the most compromised and women and the oldest elderly are the most dependent. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar el patrón de desempeño em lãs actividades de la vida diária en quilombolas ancianos de Maranhão. Métodos: Estudio transversal de hogares. Realizado con 208 ancianos ≥ 60 años, residentes en 11 comunidades restantes de Quilombolas em el Municipio de Bequimão, Maranhão. Se investigo la capacidad funcional para lãs actividades básicas de la vida diaria y las atividades instrumentales de la vida diaria. Se calcularon las prevalencias y se realizaron las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson o Exacto de Fisher para las diferencias entre sexo y grupo de edad. Resultados: La prevalencia total de discapacidad funcional fue de 57,7%, con 14,4% en actividades básicas y 56,3% en atividades instrumentales. La incapacidad para realizar las actividades de la vida diária fue mayor em las mujeres y aumento com la edad. Las actividades instrumentales oscilaron entre el 18,3% (toma de medicación) y el 43,3% (acudir al médico). Encuanto a las actividades básicas, comer solo fue el más bajo (3,9%) y vestirse el más alto (9,6%). La prevalencia de acumulación de discapacidades por sexo y edad fue estadísticamente diferente, com um mayor número de discapacidades entre losancianos. Conclusión: Hubo una alta prevalencia de discapacidad funcional y dependencia de las actividades de la vida diaria. Las atividades instrumentales fue ronlas más comprometidas y lasmujeres y losancianos mayores sonlos más dependientes. (AU)

Fragilidad, polifarmacia y riesgo de caídas en personas adultas mayores / Fragility, polypharmacy and risk of falls in older adults

Objetivo: Analizar la relación de fragilidad, polifarmacia y riesgo de caídas en las personas adultas mayores. Metodología: El diseño de estudio fue descriptivo, correlacional y transversal, conformado por 261 personas adultas mayores de Saltillo, Coahuila (México). Se utilizó una cédula de datos personales y prevalencia de polifarmacia, escala Frail y escala de Tinetti. Los datos se analizaron a través de SPSS versión 25 para Windows, se utilizaron frecuencias y porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: El 19,2% de los participantes fueron frágiles, el 44,1% de las personas adultas mayores presentaron polifarmacia y el 37,5% reportó un alto riesgo de caídas. La fragilidad se correlacionó positiva y significativamente con la polifarmacia (rs = 0,274; p < 0,01) y el riesgo de caídas se correlacionó negativa y significativamente con fragilidad (rs = -0,333; p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Existe una relación entre la fragilidad y el riesgo de caídas en las personas adultas mayores, la polifarmacia no tuvo relación con el riesgo de las caídas (AU)

Objective: Analyze the relationship of frailty, polypharmacy and risk of falls in older adults. Methodology: The study design was descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional, made up of 261 older adults from Saltillo, Coahuila. A personal data card and the prevalence of polypharmacy, the Frail scale and the Tinetti scale were used. The data was analyzed through SPSS version 25 for Windows, frequencies and percentages, measures of central tendency and dispersion were used. Results: The 19.2% of participants were frail, 44.1% of older adults had polypharmacy, and 37.5% reported a high risk of falls. Frailty was positively and significantly correlated with polypharmacy (rs = 0.274; p < 0.01) and risk of falls was negatively and significantly correlated with frailty (rs = -0.333; p < 0.01). Conclusions: There is a relationship between frailty and the risk of falls in older adults, polypharmacy was not related to the risk of falls (AU)

Fragilidad y depresión en el adulto mayor hospitalizado / Frailty and Depression in hospitalized older adults

Introducción: el síndrome de fragilidad se caracteriza por la disminución de la reserva fisiológica y una menor resistencia a los factores estresantes, como resultado del deterioro progresivo en los sistemas fisiológicos. Objetivo: determinar la relación de fragilidad y depresión en el adulto mayor hospitalizado. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. Se incluyeron adultos mayores hospitalizados en una unidad médica de tercer nivel con edad mínima de 70 años. Se utilizó la escala FRAIL versión mexicana para la fragilidad y la escala de depresión geriátrica de Yesavage. Para la prueba de normalidad de las escalas se utilizó la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, y para obtener la correspondencia de las variables el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: se incluyeron 31 adultos mayores con edad promedio de 75 años (± 3.4), 14 (45.2%) mujeres y 17 (54.8%) hombres. Para la escala de fragilidad y depresión se encontró: w = 0.053 y w = 0.059, respectivamente. Se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación de Pearson de 0.709. Conclusión: se determinó que existe correlación entre la fragilidad y la depresión en el adulto mayor hospitalizado.

Introduction: The frailty syndrome is characterized by decreased physiological reserve and decreased resistance to stressors, as a result of progressive deterioration in physiological systems. Objective: To determine the relationship between frailty and depression in hospitalized older adults. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study. Were included older adults hospitalized in a third level care unit with a minimum age of 70 years. The FRAIL Mexican version Scale for frailty and the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale were used. For the normality test of the scales, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to obtain the correspondence of the variables. Results: Thirty-one older adults with a mean age of 75 years (± 3.4) were included, 14 (45.2%) women and 17 (54.8%) men. For the Fraility and Depression scale were found a w = 0.053 and w = 0.059, respectively. A Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.709 was obtained. Conclusion: There is a correlation between frailty and depression in hospitalized older adults.

Indices de vulnerabilidad social y programática de las personas mayores que viven en el hogar / Indices of social and programmatic vulnerability for older adults living at home

Objetivos: Construir los índices de vulnerabilidad social y vulnerabilidad de programas para personasmayores que viven en el hogar y verificar la asociación entre los componentes de vulnerabilidad(individual, social y programática).Métodos: Este es un estudio basado en la población del tipo de encuesta de hogares y transversalrealizada con 701 miembros de la comunidad de ancianos. Se realizaron análisis exploratorios,descriptivos y bivariados (p≤ 0.05) y componentes principales.Resultados: A través de los índices, se descubrió que los sectores censales periféricos mostrabanniveles muy altos de vulnerabilidad social y que las principales variables representativas delcomponente programático eran: acceso al dentista por SUS, medicamentos y demanda desde elmismo lugar de servicio. Se encontró que solo el 3.9% de los ancianos no tenían ninguna condición devulnerabilidad (individual, social y programática).Conclusión: Los ancianos están expuestos a múltiples condiciones de vulnerabilidad; Los índices devulnerabilidad social y programática son herramientas importantes para la toma de decisiones por partede los gerentes (AU)

Objectives: Build Social and Programmatic Vulnerability indices for older people living at home andverify the association of vulnerability components (individual, social and programmatic).Methods: It is a population based study, household and transversal survey type, conducted with 701community older adults. Descriptive and bivariate exploratory spatial analysis was conducted (p≤ 0.05)as well as analysis of Main Components.Results: By means of the indices, it was observed that peripheral census tracts presented very highsocial vulnerability levels and that the main variables representative of the programmatic component –access to dentist via SUS, medications, and search of the same care location. It was verified that only3.9% of the older adults did not present some level of vulnerability (individual, social and programmatic).Conclusion: Older adults are exposed to multiple vulnerability conditions, and Social andProgrammatic Vulnerability indices are important tools for managers’ decision making (AU)

The association between heart rate behavior and gait performance: The moderating effect of frailty.

INTRODUCTION: Research suggests that frailty not only influence individual systems, but also it affects the interconnection between them. However, no study exists to show how the interplay between cardiovascular and motor performance is compromised with frailty. AIM: To investigate the effect of frailty on the association between heart rate (HR) dynamics and gait performance. METHODS: Eighty-five older adults (≥65 years and able to walk 9.14 meters) were recruited (October 2016-March 2018) and categorized into 26 non-frail (age = 78.65±7.46 years) and 59 pre-frail/frail individuals (age = 81.01±8.17) based on the Fried frailty phenotype. Participants performed gait tasks while equipped with a wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor attached to the chest, as well as wearable gyroscopes for gait assessment. HR dynamic parameters were extracted, including time to peak HR and percentage increase in HR in response to walking. Using the gyroscope sensors gait parameters were recorded including stride length, stride velocity, mean swing velocity, and double support. RESULTS: Among the pre-frail/frail group, time to peak HR was significantly correlated with all gait parameters (p<0.0001, r = 0.51-0.59); however, for the non-frail group, none of the correlations between HR dynamics and gait performance parameters were significant (p>0.45, r = 0.03-0.15). The moderation analysis of time to peak HR, demonstrated a significant interaction effect of HR dynamics and frailty status on walking velocity (p<0.01), and the interaction effect was marginally non-significant for other gait parameters (p>0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Current findings, for the first time, suggest that a compromised motor and cardiac autonomic interaction exist among pre-frail/frail older adults; an impaired HR performance (i.e., slower increase of HR in response to stressors) may lead to a slower walking performance. Assessing physical performance and its corresponding HR behavior should be studied as a tool for frailty screening and providing insights about the underlying cardiovascular-related mechanism leading to physical frailty.